Citation Guides

Paraphrasing vs quoting explained: when to quote exact words, when to paraphrase, how to avoid plagiarism, plus signal phrases and APA, MLA, Chicago examples.

Learn when you need an MLA title page and how to format one. Compare the standard MLA first-page heading with a separate centered title page, step by step.

Learn the MLA heading format: the four-line name/instructor/course/date block, the running header, and centered title. Worked first-page layout included.

Learn how to cite an email, letter, text, DM, or interview as personal communication in APA, MLA, and Chicago, with worked examples and common mistakes.

Learn how to cite an ebook in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago, including Kindle and database e-books, the page number problem, and correct in-text citation forms.

Learn how to cite a video in APA, MLA, and Chicago with worked examples and in-text forms for streaming clips, online videos, and social media reels.

Learn how to cite a TED Talk in APA, MLA, and Chicago, including TED site vs YouTube versions, speaker-as-author rules, the [Video] tag, and in-text forms.

Learn how to cite a report or white paper in APA, MLA, and Chicago, including group authors, report numbers, publishers, URLs, and matching in-text forms.

Learn how to cite a map in APA, MLA, and Chicago, including print maps, online maps, and Google Maps, with in-text examples and the retrieval-date rule.

Learn how to cite a figure, table, or chart in APA, MLA, and Chicago, including reproduced vs adapted visuals, source notes, copyright lines, and in-text references.